very important, exam-oriented points for Investment Appraisal / Capital Budgeting from US CMA Part 2 (Strategic Financial Management). These are frequently tested concepts, MCQ traps, and numerical focus areas you should revise carefully.
1️⃣ Core Capital Budgeting Techniques (Must-Know)
🔹 Net Present Value (NPV) – MOST IMPORTANT
• Accept project if NPV > 0
• Uses time value of money
• Assumes reinvestment at cost of capital
• Preferred method by CMA exam
• Mutually exclusive projects → choose highest NPV
📌 CMA trap: High IRR ≠ Best project (NPV wins)
🔹 Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
• Discount rate where NPV = 0
• Accept if IRR > Cost of Capital
• Problematic when:
o Non-conventional cash flows → Multiple IRRs
o Mutually exclusive projects
• Assumes reinvestment at IRR (unrealistic)
🔹 Payback Period
• Time required to recover initial investment
• Ignores:
o Time value of money
o Cash flows after payback
• Discounted Payback considers time value
📌 Used mainly for liquidity & risk screening
🔹 Profitability Index (PI)
• PI = PV of inflows / Initial investment
• Accept if PI > 1
• Useful under capital rationing
• Conflicts with NPV in mutually exclusive projects
🔹 Accounting Rate of Return (ARR)
• Based on accounting profit
• Uses book value, not cash flows
• Ignores time value
• Least reliable method (theoretical weakness)
2️⃣ Cash Flow Estimation – High Exam Weight
🔹 Relevant Cash Flows
Include:
• Incremental cash flows
• Opportunity costs
• Changes in working capital
• Tax impacts
• Terminal cash flows
Exclude:
• Sunk costs
• Allocated overheads
• Financing costs (interest, dividends)
📌 Golden Rule: “Cash flows, not profits”
🔹 Initial Investment
• Cost of asset
• Installation & training
• Increase in working capital
• Less: sale of old asset (after-tax)
🔹 Operating Cash Flow
Two methods:
• Net income + depreciation
• EBIT × (1 − Tax rate) + Depreciation
🔹 Terminal Cash Flow
Includes:
• Salvage value (after tax)
• Recovery of working capital
After-tax salvage =
Salvage − Tax on gain (or + tax shield on loss)
3️⃣ Risk & Uncertainty (Frequently Tested)
🔹 Sensitivity Analysis
• Changes one variable at a time
• Identifies critical variables
• Does NOT assign probabilities
🔹 Scenario Analysis
• Best, worst & most likely scenarios
• Considers multiple variable changes together
🔹 Probability-Based NPV
• Expected NPV = Σ (Probability × NPV)
🔹 Decision Tree Analysis
• Used for sequential decisions
• Discount backward using expected values
🔹 Simulation (Monte Carlo)
• Uses probability distributions
• High computational but realistic
4️⃣ Cost of Capital – Direct Link with Capital Budgeting
🔹 Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC)
• Used as discount rate
• Reflects firm’s risk profile
• Use project-specific cost of capital if risk differs
📌 CMA trap: Using company WACC for high-risk projects
5️⃣ Inflation & Capital Budgeting
• Use consistency rule:
o Nominal cash flows → Nominal discount rate
o Real cash flows → Real discount rate
• Inflation increases future cash flows & discount rate
6️⃣ Capital Rationing
🔹 Hard Rationing
• External constraints (loan limits, market)
🔹 Soft Rationing
• Internal policy constraints
📌 Solution: Rank projects using Profitability Index
7️⃣ Replacement Decisions
• Consider:
o Opportunity cost of old asset
o Differential cash flows
o Ignore past costs
• Evaluate incremental NPV
8️⃣ Mutually Exclusive Projects – Very Important
Conflicts between:
• NPV vs IRR
• PI vs NPV
Caused by:
• Scale differences
• Timing differences
📌 CMA Rule: NPV decision always prevails
9️⃣ Real Options in Capital Budgeting
Types tested:
• Expansion option
• Abandonment option
• Timing option
• Flexibility option
📌 Traditional NPV undervalues projects by ignoring options
🔟 Ethics & Strategic Considerations
• Capital budgeting supports long-term strategy
• Avoid earnings manipulation in project evaluation
• Behavioral bias: Over-optimism in cash flows
📌 CMA Exam Focus Summary
Area Importance
NPV & Cash Flows ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
IRR & Conflicts ⭐⭐⭐⭐
Risk Analysis ⭐⭐⭐⭐
Replacement Decisions ⭐⭐⭐
Capital Rationing ⭐⭐⭐
Real Options ⭐⭐⭐⭐
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US CMA Part 2 – Capital Budgeting / Investment Appraisal NUMERICAL MCQs with final answers (exam-oriented, calculation focused, CMA traps included).
📘 Numerical MCQs – Capital Budgeting (US CMA Part 2)
MCQ 1: NPV Decision
A project requires an initial investment of ₹5,00,000 and generates cash inflows of ₹1,50,000 per year for 5 years. Cost of capital is 10%. PV factor for annuity @10% for 5 years = 3.791.
What is the NPV?
A. ₹68,650
B. ₹(68,650)
C. ₹1,18,650
D. ₹(1,18,650)
Answer: ✅ A
Working:
PV of inflows = 1,50,000 × 3.791 = 5,68,650
NPV = 5,68,650 − 5,00,000 = ₹68,650
MCQ 2: Accept / Reject using IRR
A project has an IRR of 14%. The firm’s WACC is 12%.
Decision?
A. Reject
B. Accept
C. Indifferent
D. Need NPV to decide
Answer: ✅ B
📌 Rule: Accept if IRR > Cost of Capital
MCQ 3: Mutually Exclusive Projects
Project A: NPV = ₹2,00,000, IRR = 18%
Project B: NPV = ₹2,50,000, IRR = 16%
Which project should be selected?
A. Project A
B. Project B
C. Both
D. None
Answer: ✅ B
📌 CMA Rule: Higher NPV wins in mutually exclusive projects
MCQ 4: Payback Period
Initial investment = ₹4,00,000
Annual cash inflow = ₹1,00,000
Payback period?
A. 3 years
B. 4 years
C. 5 years
D. 6 years
Answer: ✅ B
Payback = 4,00,000 / 1,00,000 = 4 years
MCQ 5: Discounted Payback
Initial investment = ₹2,00,000
Cash inflow after 1 year = ₹1,10,000
PV factor @10% for year 1 = 0.909
Discounted payback after 1 year = ?
A. Fully recovered
B. ₹1,00,000 recovered
C. ₹99,990 recovered
D. ₹90,900 recovered
Answer: ✅ D
PV = 1,10,000 × 0.909 = ₹90,900
MCQ 6: Relevant Cost
A machine purchased 2 years ago for ₹3,00,000 has a current resale value of ₹80,000. It will be replaced.
What amount is relevant?
A. ₹3,00,000
B. ₹2,20,000
C. ₹80,000
D. Nil
Answer: ✅ C
📌 Opportunity cost = Current resale value
MCQ 7: Operating Cash Flow
EBIT = ₹2,00,000
Tax rate = 30%
Depreciation = ₹50,000
Operating cash flow?
A. ₹1,40,000
B. ₹1,90,000
C. ₹2,50,000
D. ₹1,75,000
Answer: ✅ B
OCF = EBIT(1 − T) + Depreciation
= 2,00,000 × 0.7 + 50,000
= 1,40,000 + 50,000 = ₹1,90,000
MCQ 8: After-Tax Salvage Value
Book value of asset = ₹1,00,000
Salvage value = ₹1,40,000
Tax rate = 30%
After-tax salvage value?
A. ₹1,40,000
B. ₹1,28,000
C. ₹1,12,000
D. ₹1,00,000
Answer: ✅ B
Gain = 40,000
Tax = 40,000 × 30% = 12,000
After-tax salvage = 1,40,000 − 12,000 = ₹1,28,000
MCQ 9: Profitability Index
Initial investment = ₹6,00,000
PV of inflows = ₹7,20,000
PI = ?
A. 0.83
B. 1.00
C. 1.20
D. 1.50
Answer: ✅ C
PI = 7,20,000 / 6,00,000 = 1.20
MCQ 10: Capital Rationing
Two projects require ₹5,00,000 each.
Project NPV
A ₹1,00,000
B ₹1,40,000
Only one project can be chosen.
Which project is preferred?
A. A
B. B
C. Both
D. None
Answer: ✅ B
📌 Higher NPV per rupee invested
MCQ 11: Expected NPV
Project NPVs:
Scenario Probability NPV
Best 0.3 ₹3,00,000
Normal 0.5 ₹1,50,000
Worst 0.2 ₹(1,00,000)
Expected NPV?
A. ₹1,50,000
B. ₹1,45,000
C. ₹1,60,000
D. ₹1,35,000
Answer: ✅ B
Expected NPV =
(0.3×3,00,000) + (0.5×1,50,000) − (0.2×1,00,000)
= 90,000 + 75,000 − 20,000 = ₹1,45,000
MCQ 12: Replacement Decision
Old machine resale value = ₹50,000
New machine cost = ₹4,50,000
Initial investment for replacement?
A. ₹4,50,000
B. ₹5,00,000
C. ₹4,00,000
D. ₹3,50,000
Answer: ✅ C
Net investment = 4,50,000 − 50,000 = ₹4,00,000
🔥 CMA Exam Tip
• NPV + Cash Flow logic = Highest scoring area
• Always ignore sunk costs
• Use after-tax cash flows
• Mutually exclusive → NPV rule only
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ADVANCED & TRICKY US CMA Part 2 MCQs on Capital Budgeting / Investment Appraisal.
These are exam-level, focus on decision traps, mixed concepts, and numerical logic exactly as tested by IMA.
🔥 Advanced Tricky MCQs – Capital Budgeting (US CMA Part 2)
MCQ 1: IRR vs NPV Conflict (Scale Difference)
Project X requires an initial investment of ₹2,00,000 and generates ₹3,20,000 after 1 year.
Project Y requires an initial investment of ₹10,00,000 and generates ₹14,50,000 after 1 year.
Cost of capital = 12%.
Which project should be selected?
A. Project X (higher IRR)
B. Project Y (higher NPV)
C. Both projects
D. Neither project
Answer: ✅ B
Explanation:
NPV(X) = 3,20,000 / 1.12 − 2,00,000 = ₹85,714
NPV(Y) = 14,50,000 / 1.12 − 10,00,000 = ₹2,94,643
📌 CMA Rule: Mutually exclusive → Choose higher NPV
MCQ 2: Non-Conventional Cash Flows (Multiple IRR Trap)
A project has the following cash flows:
Year Cash Flow (₹)
0 (1,00,000)
1 2,30,000
2 (1,32,000)
Which method should be relied upon?
A. IRR
B. Payback
C. NPV
D. ARR
Answer: ✅ C
📌 Reason: Non-conventional cash flows → Multiple IRRs possible
NPV is always reliable
MCQ 3: Depreciation Tax Shield Impact
A machine costs ₹5,00,000, depreciated straight-line over 5 years with zero salvage.
Tax rate = 30%.
Annual depreciation tax shield equals:
A. ₹30,000
B. ₹50,000
C. ₹75,000
D. ₹1,50,000
Answer: ✅ C
Depreciation = 5,00,000 / 5 = 1,00,000
Tax shield = 1,00,000 × 30% = ₹30,000 ❌ (Trap)
Wait carefully 👇
Correct answer: A
📌 CMA Trap: Tax shield = Depreciation × Tax rate = ₹30,000
MCQ 4: Opportunity Cost Inclusion
A company owns land purchased years ago for ₹2,00,000.
The land can be sold today for ₹6,00,000.
The land will be used for a new project.
What amount should be considered in capital budgeting?
A. ₹2,00,000
B. ₹4,00,000
C. ₹6,00,000
D. Nil
Answer: ✅ C
📌 Opportunity cost = Current market value
MCQ 5: Working Capital Recovery Trap
A project requires an initial investment of ₹4,00,000 and working capital of ₹80,000.
Working capital will be fully recovered at the end of project life.
How is working capital treated?
A. Expense over project life
B. Ignored
C. Cash outflow at start & inflow at end
D. Depreciated
Answer: ✅ C
MCQ 6: Inflation Consistency Rule
A project’s cash flows are stated in real terms.
Which discount rate should be used?
A. Nominal WACC
B. Real WACC
C. Risk-free rate
D. IRR
Answer: ✅ B
📌 Consistency Rule:
Real CF → Real discount rate
MCQ 7: Replacement Decision – Sunk Cost Trap
An old machine was purchased for ₹4,00,000.
Its current book value is ₹1,00,000 and resale value is ₹70,000.
Which amount is relevant for replacement decision?
A. ₹4,00,000
B. ₹1,00,000
C. ₹70,000
D. ₹30,000
Answer: ✅ C
📌 Opportunity cost = resale value
MCQ 8: Capital Rationing Ranking
Projects under capital rationing:
Project Investment NPV
A ₹5,00,000 ₹90,000
B ₹3,00,000 ₹75,000
Which project should be selected first?
A. A
B. B
C. Both together
D. None
Answer: ✅ B
PI(A) = 0.18
PI(B) = 0.25
📌 Rank by Profitability Index
MCQ 9: Decision Tree Logic
Decision tree analysis is MOST useful when:
A. Projects have constant cash flows
B. Decisions are reversible
C. Sequential decisions depend on future outcomes
D. Capital rationing exists
Answer: ✅ C
MCQ 10: WACC Misuse Trap
A firm evaluates a high-risk project using company WACC.
This will most likely result in:
A. Correct NPV
B. Understated NPV
C. Overstated NPV
D. No impact
Answer: ✅ C
📌 High-risk project → Higher discount rate required
Using lower WACC → NPV overstated
MCQ 11: Abandonment Option
The ability to abandon a project early if it performs poorly is an example of:
A. Expansion option
B. Flexibility option
C. Timing option
D. Real option
Answer: ✅ D
📌 Specifically → Abandonment option
MCQ 12: Discounted Payback vs NPV
Which statement is TRUE?
A. Discounted payback is superior to NPV
B. NPV ignores time value
C. Discounted payback ignores cash flows after cutoff
D. Both are equally preferred by CMA
Answer: ✅ C
MCQ 13: Financing Cost Trap
Interest expense on project financing should be:
A. Included in cash flows
B. Ignored in capital budgeting
C. Deducted after tax
D. Treated as opportunity cost
Answer: ✅ B
📌 Financing costs are reflected in discount rate
MCQ 14: Mutually Exclusive – Timing Difference
Projects differ in timing of cash flows.
Which method correctly resolves the conflict?
A. IRR
B. Payback
C. NPV
D. ARR
Answer: ✅ C
MCQ 15: Terminal Year Tax Shield
A project ends with an asset having a salvage value below book value.
What occurs?
A. Tax liability
B. Tax neutrality
C. Tax saving
D. No cash flow
Answer: ✅ C
📌 Loss on sale → Tax shield
🎯 CMA Exam Strategy
• If confused → choose NPV
• Watch for sunk cost & opportunity cost traps
• Capital rationing → PI
• High risk ≠ Company WACC
• Non-conventional CF → Ignore IRR
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