What are the major changes in the CIA Part 1 Syllabus 2025?

What Are the Major Changes in the CIA Part 1 Syllabus (2025)?

The Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) has updated the CIA Part 1 syllabus by changing the names of domains and making it more practical, ethics-focused, and aligned with the current demands of internal auditing. The new structure is designed to reflect real-world responsibilities better. Let's break down the changes chapter by chapter:

1. Foundations of Internal Auditing (Now 35%)

What’s New:

• Stronger focus on how internal audit supports governance and performance in organizations.
• A more precise understanding of the roles of internal auditors, the board, and the chief audit executive.
• More practical content on audit planning, execution, and communication.
• Modern practices like agile auditing and performance tools should be included.
• Better clarity and emphasis on the International Professional Practices Framework (IPPF).

What's Removed:

• Redundant overlaps with governance and risk topics.
• Basic definitions or outdated concepts that didn't add much value.

2. Ethics and Professionalism (Now 20%) :

What’s updated:

• A dedicated domain that focuses only on the ethical responsibilities of internal auditors.
• Detailed learning of the IIA's Code of Ethics and decision-making frameworks.
• Case studies and real-life examples on professionalism, integrity, objectivity, and confidentiality.

What's Removed:

• Ethics content that was earlier scattered across different domains is now grouped in one place for better understanding.

3. Governance, Risk Management, and Control (Now 30%) :

What’s included:

• Expanded learning on frameworks like COSO ERM 2017.
• A deeper understanding of how to design and test effective control environments.
• More focus on corporate governance and regulations.
• New insights into risk management in digital and agile setups

What's Removed:

• Repetitive or overly academic content has been trimmed.
• Clear separation of topics to avoid confusion with audit-specific areas

4. Fraud Risks (Now 15%) :

What’s New:

• Updated information on new fraud types- cyber fraud, AI fraud, data tampering, etc.
• Better guidance on assessing fraud risks and building awareness within organizations.
• Stronger focus on how auditors investigate and report fraud professionally.

What's Removed:

• Content that overlaps with Ethics or Risk sections has been refined for clarity. Also read: Know the detailed syllabus update of CIA part 2 - Internal Audit Engagement.

What are the Reasons for Updates?

The IIA introduced the CIA syllabus update, effective from 28 May 2025, to keep the exam relevant, practical, and aligned with updated and trendy internal audit responsibilities. Here's why the update was needed:

1. Evolving Business Environment

Organizations are adapting to faster, tech-driven business models. Internal auditors need skills in agile auditing, digital risk, and automation, topics not deeply covered in the old syllabus.

2. Growing Focus on Ethics

With rising corporate fraud and public scrutiny, auditors are expected to act ethically and independently. That's why a separate domain, Ethics and Professionalism, has been introduced.

3. Demand for Practical Knowledge

The updated syllabus includes more real-world concepts, like ERM (Enterprise Risk Management), governance controls, and fraud prevention, making future CIAs better prepared for the job.

4. Content Overlap Reduced

The new structure simplifies topics, reduces repetition, and makes it easier for candidates to study efficiently.

5. Global Expectations

The update aligns the CIA program with international standards and the evolving role of internal auditors worldwide.

Who Is Eligible for the Revised CIA Examination?

The update aligns the CIA program with international standards and the evolving role of internal auditors worldwide.

1. Who is eligible for the updated CIA Exam?

Let's break down who needs to follow the new CIA exam format and who won't be affected.

2. Already preparing for CIA Part 1?

Whether the new syllabus applies to you depends on when you take the exam. If appearing before 28th May 2025, you'll follow the previous syllabus.

You must follow the updated syllabus if your exam is scheduled on or after 28th May 2025.

3. What if I take the exam before the change but don't pass?

If you have already taken the exam before 28th May 2025 and unfortunately didn't clear it, your retake will follow the new syllabus. That means you must study the revised content for your next attempt. So, it's smart to pass it before the deadline or prepare for the updated version now.

4. Haven't registered yet?

Preparing for the new syllabus is best if you haven't scheduled your exam yet. That way, you won't have to relearn new concepts later and can stay aligned with the latest exam format.

5. Is there any transition period?

No, there's no transition phase. From 28th May 2025 onwards, all CIA Part 1 exams will follow the updated syllabus only.

Bonus Tips to Tackle the CIA New Syllabus Updates

Syllabus changes can seem overwhelming, but with the right approach, preparation becomes more effective and less stressful. Here are some expert tips to simplify your preparations for the new structure.

• Understand the IPPF Framework deeply. It's the foundation of internal auditing. If referenced, expect conceptual and applied questions from the IIA's mandatory guidance.
• Master core audit concepts like assurance vs. consulting, internal vs. external audit, and the audit lifecycle (planning, fieldwork, reporting, follow-up). These are key to the Foundations domain.
• Give extra attention to the new Ethics and Professionalism domain. As a professional auditor, you should know how to deal with issues like confidentiality breaches, conflicts of interest, or reporting unethical behavior correctly, keeping ethics and professionalism in mind.
• Use updated tools like quick expert notes, mock tests, practice papers, and recorded lectures of experts. Start your prep for the CIA with the AIA expert guidance.
• The risks are now more tech-related, including cyber and AI-driven fraud. Make sure you're prepared for questions from this area.
• Focus on case-based questions. Practice applying your knowledge to short scenarios to build your decision-making skills.
• Instead of just memorizing definitions, focus on case-based questions. Practice applying your knowledge to short scenarios to build your decision-making skills. Learn how internal auditors evaluate governance structures and risk responses.

Conclusion

The 2025 CIA Part 1 syllabus update brings meaningful improvements reflecting today's internal audit environment. With a stronger focus on ethics, risk management, and fraud awareness, this new structure is about becoming a more capable and confident internal auditor.

Now you have already gone through the latest changes, domain weightages, key concepts, and real reasons behind the update, and in addition to this, you have pro tips to learn quickly. Still don't know how to figure it all out alone? Get guidance from our expert trainer. Know about the other parts of the CIA syllabus updates as well. We would love to solve your queries.

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Foundation of Internal Auditing..in CIA Part 1..15% to 35% weightage as per New syllabus 2025

Here’s a point-by-point breakdown of what to study under “Foundations of Internal Auditing” in the CIA Part I: Internal Audit Fundamentals (2025 syllabus):

In 2019syllabus weightage 15%.. now it's 35%.. more than 100%+ increased 

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Foundations of Internal Auditing (35%)

As defined in the IIA’s official Expanded Test Specifications, this section covers the following key areas:

1. Purpose of Internal Auditing (aligned with Global Internal Audit Standards)

   • Explain the overall objectives and benefits of the internal audit function.
   • Describe conditions that contribute to the effectiveness of the internal audit function.

2. Internal Audit Mandate & Governance/Executive Responsibilities

   • Authority, role, and responsibilities of the internal audit function.
   • Role of the Chief Audit Executive (CAE) in helping the board establish/update the audit mandate.
   • Role of the board and senior management in defining the authority and responsibilities of the audit function.

3. Internal Audit Charter Requirements

   • Identify components required by the Global Internal Audit Standards.
   • Importance of discussing the charter with the board and senior management.
   • Board approval and its significance.

4. Assurance vs. Advisory Services

   • Define assurance services and distinguish between limited and reasonable assurance.
   • Define advisory services and how their nature and scope are determined.
   • Decide which service (assurance or advisory) is appropriate in a given context.

5. Types of Assurance Services

   • Risk and control assessments.
   • Third-party and contract compliance audits.
   • IT security and privacy audits.
   • Performance and quality audits.
   • Operational, financial, and regulatory compliance audits.
   • Audits of organizational culture.
   • Audits of the management reporting process.

6. Types of Advisory Services

   • Risk and control training.
   • System design and development.
   • Due diligence services.
   • Data privacy.
   • Benchmarking.
   • Internal control assessments.
   • Process mapping.

7. Independence—Recognizing Impairments

   • Situations where the Chief Audit Executive’s functional reporting line may not be appropriate.
   • Board’s responsibility for protecting audit independence.
   • CAE’s responsibility to communicate impairments or perceived impairments to the board.
   • Budget limitations affecting audit operations.
   • Effects of scope limitations or restricted access.

8. Internal Audit’s Role in Risk Management

   • The IIA’s Three Lines Model.
   • First and second line responsibilities that may impair audit independence.
   • Safeguards when internal auditors carry out—or are perceived to carry out—first or second line duties.

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Summary Table: Foundations of Internal Auditing

Topic Area	Key Focus Areas
Purpose of Internal Auditing	Objectives, benefits, and effectiveness of the audit function
Audit Mandate & Executive Roles	Responsibilities of CAE, board, and senior management
Internal Audit Charter	Required components, stakeholder discussion, necessity of board approval
Assurance vs. Advisory Services	Definitions, distinctions, determination of scope
Assurance Service Types	Various audit types (risk, compliance, IT, performance, culture, etc.)
Advisory Service Types	Roles in training, systems, privacy, benchmarking, control, process mapping
Independence & Impairment Recognition	Reporting line issues, board protection, budget/scope limitations
Role in Risk Management	Three Lines Model, independence risks, safeguarding objectivity

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Why These Are Important

• Strategic clarity: Understanding the purpose, charter, and mandates helps in defining the internal audit’s value and boundaries.
• Delineation of roles: Knowing when to perform assurance vs. advisory services is essential for maintaining effectiveness and objectivity.
• Risk and ethics alignment: Recognizing independence concerns and the proper role within risk management supports integrity and compliance.
• Holistic coverage: This section sets the foundational mindset and standards that guide the rest of CIA Part 1, linking directly to Ethics, Governance, and Fraud areas.

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Purpose of Internal Auditing (per the CIA 2025 Syllabus)

According to the IIA’s Expanded Test Specifications for the 2025 CIA Part I exam, candidates should be able to:

1. Explain the overall objectives and benefits of the internal audit function
2. Describe the conditions that contribute to the effectiveness of the internal audit function
   

Let’s unpack these two core requirements further, along with relevant context from the Global Internal Audit Standards (GIAS).

1. Objectives & Benefits of Internal Auditing

Internal auditing is a systematic and disciplined assurance and consulting activity aimed at enhancing an organization's operations. Its main objectives and benefits include:

• Supporting the organization's achievement of objectives by evaluating risk management, governance, and control processes.
• Improving operational effectiveness and efficiency, safeguarding assets, ensuring reliable reporting, and promoting compliance with laws and regulations.
• Adding value by providing insights, recommendations, and strategic advice to management and governance bodies.
  

2. Conditions for Effectiveness

Effective internal audit functions are underpinned by several key conditions, including but not limited to:

• Independence and objectivity, ensured through appropriate organizational placement and clear reporting lines—often involving the board or audit committee.
• Appropriate authority and mandate, clearly defined via an approved charter.
• Competent audit personnel with the necessary skills and professional judgment.
• Adequate resources and support, including technology and budget.
• Access to information across all levels of the organization.
• Relevance to governance and risk frameworks, aligned with organizational strategy and regulatory expectations.
  

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Summary Table

Key Area	What to Know & Memorize
Objectives & Benefits	Understand that internal audit aims to support organizational objectives, assess governance/risk/control, improve efficiency, and provide value-added insights.
Conditions for Effectiveness	Know the foundational pillars: independence, charter-based authority, competency, resources, access, and alignment with governance and risk frameworks.

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How to Approach Exam Preparation

• Define the “purpose” clearly: Be able to articulate both the broader organizational objectives and specific value additions of the internal audit function.
• List and expand on at least 4–5 key conditions that enable effective internal auditing—independence, mandate, resources, skills, alignment, etc.
• Use examples or real-world scenarios where possible: E.g., how independence enhances impartiality or how proper resources enable meaningful audit coverage.

Read more details here ✍️ 

Absolutely! Here’s a refined, point-by-point breakdown of the “Purpose of Internal Auditing”, aligned with the Global Internal Audit Standards,  CIA Part 1: Foundations of Internal Auditing (2025 syllabus):

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Purpose of Internal Auditing — CIA Part I (2025)

Per Domain I of the Global Internal Audit Standards, internal auditing is centered around a core purpose statement and conditions that enable its effectiveness. This aligns directly with the CIA Part 1 requirement to:

1. Explain the overall objectives and benefits of the internal audit function
2. Describe conditions that contribute to the effectiveness of the internal audit function

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1. Overall Objectives & Benefits

The new Standards present a concise yet powerful Purpose Statement:

"Internal auditing strengthens the organization’s ability to create, protect, and sustain value by providing the board and management with independent, risk-based, and objective assurance, advice, insight, and foresight."

Key objectives and benefits embedded within that statement:

• Value Creation, Protection & Sustainment
  Internal audit helps optimize performance, preserve assets, and maintain long-term viability.
  

• Independent, Risk-Based, Objective
  Services are unbiased, focused on significant risks, and intentionally structured to assist management and the board.
  

• Assurance, Advice, Insight & Foresight

  • Assurance: Evaluating governance, risk, and control processes.
  • Advice & Insight: Providing value-added perspectives for improvement.
  • Foresight: Anticipating emerging risks and trends.
    

• Enhanced Organizational Outcomes
  Internal audit supports objective achievement, governance effectiveness, oversight, reporting reliability, and regulatory compliance.
  

• Serving the Public Interest
  Besides benefiting the organization, internal auditing enhances transparency, accountability, and stakeholder trust—ultimately promoting public interest.
  

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2. Conditions for Effectiveness

The Standards also define scenarios in which internal audit becomes most effective. These conditions align with CIA Part 1's second learning outcome and include:

• Performed by Competent Professionals in Conformance with GIAS
  Internal auditors must be skilled, ethical, and fully aligned with the Global Standards.
  

• Independent Positioning with Direct Accountability to the Board
  Organizational independence and a clear reporting line—typically to the board or audit committee—safeguard objectivity and credibility.
  

• Free from Undue Influence and Commitment to Objectivity
  Internal auditors must be impartial, unbiased, and able to make professional judgments without external pressure.
  

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Summary Table

Key Area	Description
Purpose of Internal Auditing	Strengthens value creation, preservation, and sustainability; provides independent, risk-based assurance, advice, insight, and foresight; supports objectives, governance, oversight, compliance; serves public interest.
Conditions for Effectiveness	Performed by competent professionals; conforms with Global Internal Audit Standards; independently positioned with direct board accountability; free from undue influence; committed to objective assessments.

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Study Tips (Exam Focus)

• Memorize the Purpose Statement—it's the foundation of Domain I and key to articulating the "why" of internal audit.
• List and elaborate on each benefit: value creation, assurance, insight, foresight, governance support, public trust.
• Explain each condition clearly—competence, independence, adherence to standards, board accountability, objectivity.
• Use practical examples—like how independence enables audit integrity, or how assurance improves governance.

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 “Internal Audit Mandate and Governance” element of the Foundations of Internal Auditing section (Part 1, 2025 CIA syllabus). Here's a precise, point-by-point breakdown based on the official Expanded Test Specifications from The IIA:

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Internal Audit Mandate & Governance (Foundations of Internal Auditing)

This topic falls under Section A: Foundations of Internal Auditing (35%) of the 2025 syllabus. Specifically, learning outcome #2 covers:

1. Internal Audit Function’s Authority, Role & Responsibilities

   • Understand the scope and authority granted to the internal audit function—how it's empowered to act within the organization.
   • Clarify the key roles and responsibilities carried out by internal auditors, aligned with Global Internal Audit Standards.
     

2. Chief Audit Executive (CAE): Role in Mandate Development

   • Explain how the CAE contributes to establishing or updating the internal audit mandate.
   • Understand the importance of the CAE’s involvement in setting expectations, authority levels, and governance boundaries for the audit function.
     

3. Role of the Board and Senior Management

   • Identify how the board and senior leadership define and approve the internal audit function’s authority, responsibilities, and scope.
   • Recognize that they are accountable for formally approving and periodically reviewing the audit mandate.
     

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Why These Points Matter

• Mandate Clarity: The audit mandate essentially defines the “who, what, and how” of internal audit. Ensuring clarity here fosters clear expectations and accountability.
• CAE–Board Dynamics: Understanding both parties’ contributions ensures that the function operates with appropriate independence and alignment with organizational strategy.
• Governance Integration: This part anchors the role of internal auditing within the broader governance framework of the organization—critical for objectivity, oversight, and strategic relevance.

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How to Study—Point by Point

Study Focus	What to Cover
Authority & Responsibilities	Definition of audit’s scope (e.g. assurance, advisory), permitted activities, limitations
CAE’s Role	How CAE leads mandate drafting/updating; ensuring mandate aligns with strategy, standards
Board and Management Role	Approval process, periodic review, oversight duties, governance alignment
Linkages	Tie this mandate to audit independence, audit charter, and alignment with Global Internal Audit Standards

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You will get  similar point-wise breakdown for the other sections like Ethics & Professionalism, Governance, Risk & Control, or Fraud Risks!

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Get 100% Mark's in Cost Accounting in exam like US CMA Part 1 50 scale/500scale.. Follow this..

 Check yourself..if you answer Yes positively 90%+ question ⁉️ then you can score good scale in Exam in this topic subtopic..scale 50+ in US CMA Part 1 & Part 2.

Q1.I know opportunity costs 

Q2.I Know Difference between fixed costs ,Variable cost,super variable cost & semi variable cost.

Q3.I know difference between Absorption costing  & Variable Costing 

Q4. I can compute Applied overhead & Also overapplied underapplied overhead 

Q5. I'm familiar with terms Cost centre, Cost Driver,Cost Pool,Activity Cost,Cost Object 

Q6. Know difference between Joint product & By Product 

Q7.I can calculate variable cost per unit by high low method 

Q8. I'm familiar with terms Relevent Range,short run & Long run period, Auxiliary support system,Normal & Abnormal Loss,Responsibility centre,Inventoriable costs, Production and Support service centre,Backflush costing,JIT MRP MRP 2 KAIZAN TQM THROUGHPUT,etc

Q9.I can compute Job order cost sheet 

Q10.I Know Difference between Normal loss & Abnormal Loss

Q11I can compute prime costs, conversion cost, Production costs,COGS, OPERATING Expenses 

Q12.I know Cost Driver for Power & fuels,Repair Maint, Factory Rent, Material Inspection charges, Depreciation on Delivery Van, Insurance premium on Factory Premises, Etc 

Q13.I can calculate operating income as per Absorption & variable costing 

Q14 I know Journal entry for Raw material transfer to production,indirect wages for factory,production completed,over.under applied overhead treatment etc 

Q15. I'm familiar with treatment of sale of by product,effect on Joint cost 

Q16.I can compile simultaneous equations related to Reciprocal method of overhead Allocation 

Q17 I'm familiar with upstream and downstream costs in Life cycle costing 

Q18 I can compute contribution per unit,BEP Sales,Expected or Target sales qtty,Margin of Safety,etc 

Q19. I can reconcile profit as per Absorption costing & Variable Costing 

Q20 I'm familiar with terms..Cost tracing, Allocation of overhead,Apportionment & Reapportionment of overhead, Absorption of costs 

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step by step for an SSC (Secondary School Certificate) student in India , who dreams of becoming a space scientist.

 HOW TO BECOME SPACE 🚀 SCIENTISTS..

Great question 👍
Let’s break this down step by step for an SSC (Secondary School Certificate) student in India (or equivalent in other countries) who dreams of becoming a space scientist.

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🚀 Step-by-Step Career Path to Become a Space Scientist

1. Strong Foundation in School (SSC Stage – Class 10)

• Focus on Mathematics and Science subjects (Physics, Chemistry, Biology).
• Develop curiosity in space, astronomy, satellites, and technology.
• Participate in science exhibitions, astronomy clubs, and Olympiads.

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2. Choose the Right Stream After SSC (Class 11–12)

• Take the Science stream with Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics (PCM).
• Biology is optional, but PCM is compulsory for most space careers.
• Prepare for competitive exams like JEE (Main & Advanced) if aiming for IITs/NITs, or entrance exams for state engineering colleges.

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3. Undergraduate Degree (Bachelor’s Level – 3–4 Years)

Choose a relevant B.Tech / B.Sc program:

• B.Tech in Aerospace Engineering / Aeronautical Engineering
• B.Tech in Mechanical / Electrical / Electronics / Computer Science Engineering
• B.Sc in Physics / Mathematics (if you want to pursue research track)

Top Institutes:

• IITs, NITs, IISc Bangalore
• Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST), Thiruvananthapuram (directly under ISRO)
• Leading state universities and private colleges

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4. Postgraduate Degree (Master’s Level – 2 Years)

• M.Tech or M.Sc in specialized fields:
  • Space Science
  • Astrophysics
  • Aerospace Engineering
  • Satellite Communication
  • Remote Sensing
• Entry via GATE Exam (for engineering) or JAM/other entrance exams (for sciences).

---

5. Doctoral Research (Ph.D.)

• Essential for becoming a space scientist in ISRO, NASA, or research institutions.
• Specialize in areas like:
  • Planetary Science
  • Astrophysics
  • Rocket Propulsion
  • Artificial Intelligence in Space Missions

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6. Career Opportunities

• ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) – via campus recruitment, IIST, or exams.
• DRDO (Defence Research & Development Organisation)
• NASA, ESA, JAXA (requires international collaborations or higher studies abroad).
• Research institutes & observatories (IUCAA, PRL, TIFR).
• Private Space Startups (Skyroot, Agnikul, SpaceX, Blue Origin).

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7. Skills to Develop Along the Journey

• Strong analytical & problem-solving ability
• Programming & data analysis (Python, MATLAB, C++)
• Research & publication skills
• Teamwork, innovation, and patience

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🎯 Short Summary

1. Do well in SSC → Take Science (PCM) in Class 11–12.
2. Get into IITs/IIST/Engineering Colleges for B.Tech/B.Sc.
3. Pursue M.Tech/M.Sc in space-related fields.
4. Do Ph.D. & research work.
5. Apply to ISRO, DRDO, NASA, or private space companies.

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What is the procedure for a SSC students to become space scientists as Career

The procedure for SSC (10th grade) students to become space scientists in India involves a series of educational and career steps focusing on science and engineering fields. Here's a summarized pathway:

1. After SSC (10th), choose Science stream in 10+2 with a focus on Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics (PCM).

2. Score well in Class 12 board exams and prepare for competitive entrance exams like JEE Main and Advanced to get admission to reputed engineering or science colleges.

3. Pursue a Bachelor's degree in relevant fields such as B.Tech in Aerospace, Mechanical, Electronics Engineering, or B.Sc in Physics, Astronomy, or Mathematics.

4. After the bachelor's degree, pursue a Master's (M.Tech or M.Sc) in specialized areas like Aerospace Engineering, Astrophysics, or Space Sciences.

5. Optionally, pursue a Ph.D. in a specific space science domain to deepen expertise.

6. Apply for internships, research projects, or Junior Research Fellow (JRF) positions at organizations like ISRO to gain hands-on experience.

7. Appear for the ISRO Centralized Recruitment Board (ICRB) exam or other relevant recruitment exams to join as a scientist or engineer in space research centers.

Important skills required include a strong foundation in physics, mathematics, computer science, analytical and problem-solving abilities, and programming skills.

Cost and duration vary depending on the courses and institutions chosen, but scholarships and assistantships may be available.

This pathway demands dedication, competitive exam success, and advanced education to achieve a career as a space scientist in India, with opportunities in ISRO, DRDO, academia, and private aerospace companies [1][2][3][4][5].

Citations:

[1] How to Become Space Scientist in India 2025 - Shiksha https://www.shiksha.com/science/articles/how-to-become-space-scientist-in-india-blogId-197714

[2] How to become an ISRO scientist https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/how-to-become-an-isro-scientist/articleshow/103203917.cms

[3] How to Become a Scientist After 12th in India - Jain University https://www.jainuniversity.ac.in/blogs/how-to-become-a-scientist-in-india-after-12th

[4] How to Become a Scientist in ISRO? https://blog.internshala.com/how-to-become-scientist-in-isro/

[5] How to Become a Space Scientist - A Detailed Guide - Clever Harvey https://cleverharvey.com/how-to-become-a-space-scientist-clever-harvey/

[6] Students https://www.isro.gov.in/Students.html

[7] How to Become a Space Scientist in India After Completing 12th ... https://sageuniversity.edu.in/blogs/how-to-become-a-space-scientist-in-india-after-12th

[8] How to Become an Atmospheric and Space Scientist https://thecareerhub.brainwonders.in/careers/atmospheric-and-space-scientist-23

[9] Current opportunities - ISRO https://www.isro.gov.in/CareerOpportunities.html

[10] What is the path to become an astronaut after 10th ssc in course ... https://www.careers360.com/question-what-is-the-path-to-become-an-astronaut-after-10th-ssc-in-course-wise-in-studies

Feel free 🆓 to discuss with me if you have any questions ‼️ Call or Text on 9773464206

www.gmsisuccess.in